Technological+Revolution

The technological revolution came about in three a few stages and those stages were separated in a few stages. the primary stages are power, communications, transportation,, and then last the organizational revolution. The power revolution came in two parts the first was steam power then came electrical power. The communication revolution came in two parts also first was the telegraph then came the telephone. the transportation revolution came in two parts as with the other two it came in the way of steam boat then came the diesel revolution. the organizational revolution is the growth of the corporations which is still happening today along with the continuations with all of the others. the revolutions are over but inventions are being created for them are still going on and will be going on until the human race dies.
 * TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION **

All of these revolutions are connected in some ways the the military and to space exploration, computers and in the military department the first HYDROGEN bomb was tested by the united states in 1952. in 1953 the first maser {microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is built, it is useless in combat. in 1960 the laser is created light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is demonstrated for the first time. In 1960 - 2000 the soviet union created the supercavitation torpedo. in 1974 the taser is built after five years of work by nasa researcher jack cover. in 1997 the united states tests the anti satellite laser. in 1999 experiments with radioactive hafnium to make a simple machine that releases massive amounts of gamma rays. 2001 a heat ray system is created that makes people move away from a heat beam used for non lethal crowd control. 2002 high energy laser is used to shoot down artillery fire.

space is the last frontier until we find another one. it is relatively unexplored and has little way in human life besides the speck of life called earth. advancements of space technology include.1959 luna 1 first man made satellite to orbit the moon, is launched by the u.s.s.r. 1958 pioneer 1, is launched by the u.s to the height of 70700 miles high. 1960 tiros 1, the first successful weather satellite, is launched by the u.s. 1961 vostok 1 is launched by the u.s.s.r, carrying cosmonaut yuri a. gargain. 1962 mercury friendship 7 lifts off with john h glenn.jr the first american in orbit, and orbits the earth three times. 1963 vostok 6 carries soviet cosmanaut valentia tershkova, the first woman in space and orbits the earth 48 times. in 1969 neil armstrong and edwin aldrin,jr make the first manned soft landing on the moon and the first moon walk, using apollo 11.


 * The History of Computers **

The history of computers is both gradual and complicated. For example, the abacus was invented as far back as 500BC, an automated loom was invented in 1801, and in 1888 a mechanical computer was invented to speed up the census. However, the first digital electronic computer was invented in 1939 by John Atanasoff and it could solve linear equations. The next computer was the Colossus and it was built in 1943 by the UK to break German coded command memos in WWII. In 1944, Howard Aiken built the MARK I at Harvard University for the US Navy to produce ballistics charts. IBM gave a million dollar grant to the project. Both the Colossus and the MARK I used electromechanical relays to read the binary codes. Then, in 1946 the first reprogrammable digital electronic computer (EINAC) was built by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. It used vacuum tubes instead of electromechanical relays. All three of the first computers used wired circuits. The TX-0 was built in 1956 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the first general purpose computer built with computer transistors. T he microchip was invented by Jack St. Claire Kilby in 1958 but wasn’t used in computers until 1963. The use of microchips shrunk the size of computers a great deal. In the 1950’s tape drives were introduced as a means to store data. In the early 1960’s the hard drive was invented by IBM. The monitor was also invented in the 60’s and had almost completely replaced punch cards by the 70’s. In the 60’s computers were connected through networks over telephone wires and used modems to send and receive the digital data. Also, in the 60’s silicon microchips replaced the vacuum tubes previously used and were an improvement in every way; they were much more compact and reliable, as well as being cheaper to make and more energy efficient. In the 1970’s general purpose computers could process tons of data but were huge and required many people to run them. These computers were called mainframes. PC’s started to be developed in the 1970’s; PC’s use microprocessors, memory modules, sound and graphic cards, a hard drive, a monitor and other pieces such as a mouse, keyboard, speakers, etc. The first PC, called Altair, was created in 1975. It was a kit that contained an operating system made by the Microsoft Corporation and was designed for hobbyists. The ARPANET was an early root of the internet and allowed computers to talk to each other. It was developed in 1969 by the US Department of Defense. It was not at all similar to the internet today. In 1989 the World Wide Web was developed by Tim Berners-Lee as a way to share information with other physicists. E-mail was also being developed during this time. In 1993 the internet became available to everyone who had even a regular home computer. In the 1980’s several machines (ATMs and store checkout machines, as well as computers that ran apps like science modeling and engineering design) were developed that stored information but were connected to other computers through a mainframe that acted as a server. This "provided connection, security control, system administration and data management." Apple was founded in 1977 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. In 1981, IBM distributed their first computer which used the DOS operating system from Microsoft. IBM published its "computer interface definitions" which caused a major increase in the sale of IBM compatible computers. With the exception of Apple, almost all non-IBM compatible computers became obsolete while companies such as DELL, Gateway and Compaq flourished. Not even Apple or IBM itself did as well. In 1984 Apple released the Macintosh computer which was a desktop computer and was very popular with both individuals and small businesses. In 1985 Microsoft came out with their first Widows operating system. Software companies became prominent due to the fact that most computer customers preferred to buy their applications rather than program them. Recently, the microprocessor has been used in many machines other than computers, such as cars, satellites, GPS’s, and many others.

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